Shifting Shapes

Brenda Roy and Brigitte Wolf

The Carnegie Gallery
10 King St W. Dundas ON
October 2 - 25, 2009

www.carnegiegallery.org

Forging Norse Arrow Heads - Two

This continues the previous days work in the forge. Here I have started with thinner flat stock (primarily 1/8"). Once again the finished forged points are made of mild steel, and have been rough ground to profile and more or less a flat diamond cross section. The image below is a direct scan, the points set on a 1/4 inch grid.


On this table, sizes are in MM / weight in GRAMS

#	MATERIAL	STOCK	WIDTH	LENGTH	BLADE	SPINE	TANG	SIZE	WEIGHT
G	mild steel	3 X 25 (1/8 X 1)	31	130	80	3	50	8 x 3 (straight taper)	35
H	mild steel	3 X 19 (1/8 X 3/4)	24	115	75	3	40	7 x 3 (straight taper)	21
I	mild steel	7 x 12 (1/4 x 1/2)	22	90	55	4	35	6 x 4 (straight taper)	17
J	mild steel	5 x 12 (3/16 x 1/2 )	20	90	55	3	35	10 x 3 (flare & taper)	16
K	mild steel	3 x 12 (1/8 x 1/2)	17	85	45	3	35	3 x 7 (flare & taper)	12

PS - modern arrow points are weighed in grains - 100 grains = 6.5 grams

Forging Norse Arrow Heads - Details

In a continuation of yesterdays posting...
As I had mentioned, I was focusing on the available starting metal bars in this project so far. (If you are wondering, this is why the stock sizes are given as Imperial, the finished measurements in Metric.) I had chosen a generic spear point shape, which as you can see in Neil's research is well a well represented type.
Of course a Norse blacksmith would not be purchasing his metal as modern mild steel industrial lengths. In the period, raw metal was purchased (from the iron smelter) as fairly standard 'currency bars' - roughly 2 x 2 cm by 40 cm or so long. So for one of the working series, I chose to use a block of antique wrought iron. This material is salvaged from a bridge originally built about 1850 (and is wonderful, consistent material to work with by the way).

	Provenience: Kjølstad, Sør-Odal, Hedmark, Norway, c. 10th c. Museum: Universitetets Oldsaksamling, C37550 f,g,h Length: 12.5 cm
The replica, forged from antique wrought iron.

Showing the individual forging steps:

Drawing out one end of wrought iron billet.	Bar is cut off, its end pointed, the first rough bevel.
Shoulder in.	Cut from bar, start on tang.
Tang is drawn and tapered.	Finish profiling bevel, straighten.

Forging Norse Arrow Heads

Neil Peterson is an archer of some skill. It was natural for him thus to be interested in archery equipment from the Viking Age. There is one tiny problem - outside of arrow heads, there just is not much artifact evidence to go on. Bows and arrow shafts are wooden, and any wooden object is extremely unlikely to survive 1000 years in the ground. Worse still, an old bow is liable to end up as fire wood, old or broken arrow shafts re-used as useful sized pegs. None the less, Neil has taken a look at the range of arrow heads available as artifacts. The drawings at the left are from his summary, which is posted with details on the artifact sources on the main DARC web site : Viking Era Arrow Heads. The smaller sample seen here are variations on the basic hunting broad head style. It should be noted that most often there was not any information in the quoted sources on the cross section or the thickness of the various heads. Considering the majority ofthe hunting points are forged from softer wrought iron, this thickness is critical to strength. Of course without the thickness being known, its hard to estimate the probable weights of the heads.

Now, Neil has been after me for some time to make replicas of ALL the various styles he has found in his research. As it turns out, one of my ongoing commissions is to make a batch of five arrows for the Encampment program at L'Anse aux Meadows NHSC. The various points seen to the left are the result of a couple of sessions in the workshop. I used a bit of an unusual starting point - that being the available standard mild steel bars. The order of production is reverse of the illustration, I started with # F at the bottom of the page, working first with 1 inch wide by 1/4 then 3/16 flat stock. The next pair started with 3/4 wide, again by 1/4 then 3/16. The last pair are experimenting with differing metal types. At the top (last made) is a point forged from antique wrought iron. This required forging down heavy (1 x 2 inch) to the starting 3/4 by 3/16 bar. The second point seen was forged from a scrap of low carbon steel (so called 'French' or 'Electric' iron). All the points were simply air cooled after forging. Then each was given a fast profile on the grinder. Next each was roughly smoothed to a diamond cross section, using an electric sander with a 60 grit belt. The edges have been reduced down to roughly 1.5 mm ( about 3/32 "). This is where I normally would water harden any of the steel points, then use a fine belt sander to put the actual short bevel for the sharp edge on each.

On this table, sizes are in MM / weight in GRAMS

#	MATERIAL	STOCK	WIDTH	LENGTH	BLADE	SPINE	TANG	SIZE	WEIGHT
A	wrought iron	5 x 19	25	125	65	4	60	10 x 4 (double taper)	34
B	'french iron' / 1005	4 x 21	25	100	65	3	35	6 (round taper)	23
C	mild steel	5 x 20 (3/16 x 3/4)	27	130	80	4	50	8 x 4 (flare & taper)	41
D	mild steel	7 x 20 (1/4 x 3/4)	29	140	70	5	70	10 x 5 (flat taper)	49
E	mild steel	5 x 25 (3/16 x 1 )	32	130	85	4	45	9 x 4 (flat taper)	50
F	mild steel	7 x 25 (1/4 x 1)	35	155	85	6	70	10 x 5 (flare & taper)	81